V 13. stoletju postanejo obzidja temeljna značilnost srednjeveških mest, ki so bila obvezen in značilno grajen del mesta. Vendar obzidja v 13. in 14. stoletju niso služila zgolj kot obrambni sistem, ampak so tudi ločevala mesta pred fevdalnim podeželjem, kajti veljalo je, da mestni zrak osvobaja.
V 13. stoletju nastanejo prva mestna obzidja v Kopru, Izoli, Ljubljani, Kranju, Mariboru, Kamniku, Ptuju in Slovenj Gradcu, ki pa so bila skromna obzidja brez obrambnih stolpov.
V Mariboru je bilo zgrajeno geometrično najbolj pravilno obzidje na Slovenskem. Med letoma 1255 in 1275 mesto dobi štiristranično obzidje s 500 metrov dolgimi in skoraj ravnimi stranicami.
Obzidje je zajemalo prostor med Dravo, Strossmayerjevo, Gregorčičevo in Svetozaversko ulico. Sočasno z obzidjem je bil zgrajen tudi Minoritski samostan, ki je naslonjen na obzidje, ter judovska naselbina.
Izgradnja obzidja je prekinila prometni red ter povezavo med mostiščem in Koroško cesto. Začela se je oblikovati ulična mreža v vzhodnem delu mesta, nastala je Gosposka ulica, ki je povezovala ločena dela naselbine, povezala je trg in vas, s čimer se je ustvaril enoten mestni organizem.
Prvotno obzidje je bilo visoko 8–10 metrov in debelo okoli 1 metra. Na notranji strani je bil 2,5 metra pod vrhom lesen pokrit povezovalen hodnik.
V obrambnem središču je bil stolp, ki je danes zvonik stolne cerkve. Pred obzidjem je bil 20−30 metrov širok vodni jarek, vendar kljub vsemu obzidje ni bilo zmožno obvarovati mesta pred rastočo turško nevarnostjo ter novimi napadalnimi tehnikami, predvsem strelnemu orožju. Obzidje je bilo vedno znova potrebno obnove in popravil. Leta 1548 Dominic de Laloa izdela načrt za izboljšave in tako v obdobju naslednjih 13 let zgradijo utrdbo na Koroški cesti na zahodu mesta, prav tako pa se v 14. stoletju začnejo na zidu izboljšave z gradnjo vogalnih stolpov in štiri preprostih utrdb ob mestnih vratih. Dodatno utrjen zid pa uspešno ščiti mesto pred vdori naslednjih 150 let.
Po prenehanju nevarnosti so se utrdbe zapustile in nehale vzdrževati. Skozi obzidje so se začele prebijati ulice in srednjeveško obzidje je postopoma začelo izginjati, večina obrambnih stolpov in utrdb se je porušilo, vodni jarek se je zasipal. Glavne sledi stare mestne urejenosti so tako bile do konca 20. stoletja popolnoma izbrisane.
Do danes so se ohranili Vodni, Sodni, Židovski in Čeligijev stolp, grajska bastilija, najdemo lahko ostanke utrdb ob nekdanjih Koroških vratih, dele obzidja najdemo tudi na zahodni in južni strani ter v historičnih objektih, ki so jih v času nastanka naslonili na obzidje.
Kot posledica zajezitve Drave, zaradi katere se je gladina dvignila za 2,5 metra, se je morala podreti bastilja Benteke, kjer danes najdemo travnat pomol. Pred podobno usodo pa je bil rešen Vodni stolp, ki ga je rešil arhitekt Jože Požavk z briljantno idejo, da se stolp dvigne za 2,6 metra. Projekt dvigovanja 1500 ton težkega stolpa je trajal 7 mesecev. Notranjost pa so uredili za namene vinoteke.
Je na Usnjarski ulici ob Dravi ter je današnjo podobo dobil leta 1555. Ima kamnite zidove s strelnimi linami. Danes stolp ne služi več obrambi mesta, temveč boste v njem našli vinoteko, ki vam bo postregla z odličnimi vini.
Je bil postavljen v 15. stoletju v sklopu judovskega geta ter stoji ob sinagogi na Židovskem trgu. Nekoč je tam prebival mestni stražar, danes pa ima v njem prostore Foto klub Maribor.
Je edini ohranjen stolp severnega mestnega obzidja. Ime je dobil po znamenitih mariborskih pivovarjih Tschligijih. Poznan pa je tudi pod imenom Črni stolp.
Je na obrežju Drave, kjer so nekoč bile Benetke, pri današnji Mariborski tržnici. V osnovi je bil zgrajen v 14. stoletju, na novo pa je bil podzidan leta 1540, ko so mu dodali stožčasto streho, ki je v 17. stoletju zgorela. Povezan je s čarovniškimi procesi in je ime dobil v času, ko v njem izrekali sodbe ženskam, ki so bile spoznane za čarovnice.
Tekst zbrala in uredila: Eva Mataln
Prevod: Maja Miklavc & Miha Odar
Fotografije: Igor Unuk
Viri:
Hostel Pekarna
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