Sinagoga v Mariboru je ena najstarejših ohranjenih sinagog v Evropi in je na Židovskem trgu. Zgrajena je bila v 14. stoletju in je prvič omenjena leta 1429, vendar naj bi obstajal še pred tem letom, kar sklepajo na podlagi nagrobnika rabin Abraham iz leta 1379.
Sinagoga je bila versko, duhovno in kulturno središče judovskega geta v srednjeveškem Mariboru in je bila na jugovzhodnem delu obzidanega mesta. Posebnost mariborske sinagoge je bila, da so bili trije ali štirje sedeži rezervirani za krščanske goste.
Sinagoga je bila prostor za poroke, obrezovanja, verski pouk, v njej pa so občasno opravljali tudi pravne posle.
Sinagoga je bila na današnji Židovski ulici na majhnem trgu. Vzhodno od nje je bil vrt z domnevnim prvim judovskim pokopališčem. Za vrtom pa je v jugovzhodnem vogalu stala mestna opazovalnica – Židovski stolp, ki je bil zgrajen v sklopu gradnje mestnega obzidja. Pod sinagogo je bilo obredno kopališče (mikveh), do katerega naj bi vodila pot skozi Judovska vrata. Leta 1477 pa je omenjena tudi gradnja šole – bet midraša.
Po izgonu januarja 1497 njihove posesti preidejo v zasebne roke. Sinagogo kupita zakonca Barbara in Bernardin Druckher, ki si pridobita večino judovske posesti. Sinagogo pa preuredita v rimskokatoliško cerkev vseh svetnikov.
Konec 18. stoletja je bila spet prezidana in odstranjen je bil zvonik. Leta 1811 je vojska zgradbo uporabljala kot skladišče, nato pa so jo spet prodali zasebnikom, ki so jo preuredili v stanovanjsko hišo.
V 80. letih 20. stoletja je Mestna občina Maribor namenila zgradbo likovnemu razstavišču. Sinagoga je tako začela stopati po poti kulturno-prireditvenega prostora, predvsem po letu 2001, ki je deloval v sklopu Pokrajinskega muzeja. Današnjo podobo in namembnost pa dokončno dobi leta 2011, ko začne delovati kot samostojni javni zavod Center judovske kulturne dediščine. V njej se danes odvijajo različne kulturne prireditve na temo judovstva in judovske kulture.
Mariborska judovska skupnost se je lahko štela za največjo na Slovenskem, sam Maribor pa je bil kulturno in gospodarsko središče judovstva v tedanjih notranje-avstrijskih deželah. V 15. stoletju skupnost doživi razcvet, v mestu in okolici naj bi tako živelo približno 300 Judov. Ti so se pretežno ukvarjali s posojilnimi posli, posojali so vladarjem, plemičem, duhovščini, samostanom in meščanom. Z zapadlimi dolgovi pa so postali lastniki številnih hiš, kmetij, vinogradov v okolici, ki so jih nato razmeroma hitro prodali.
Splošna gospodarska kriza v Evropi povzroči hudo konkurenco med judovskimi in krščanskimi trgovci, zadeve pa še poslabšajo turški in madžarski vdori. Štajerski in Koroški stanovi tako od cesarja Maksimiljana I. zahtevajo izgon Judov, cesar klene pod pritiskom in jih leta 1496 izžene z odlokom. Zadnji rok za zapustitev Maribora je bil 6. 1. 1497. po izgonu so se mariborski judje preselili na Dunaj, spodnjo Avstrijo, Šopronjsko škofijo na Madžarskem, Moravsko, Poljsko, Trst, Gorico …
V novih krajih se je mnogo Judov poimenovalo po kraju, od koder so prihajali – Marpurgo, priimek, ki je še danes pogost zlasti v Italiji, najdemo pa ga tudi v Združenih državah Amerike in Izraelu.
Po izgonu ponovno srečamo jude v 19. in 20. stoletju, kjer so mnogi bili aktivni na gospodarskem področju, zlasti v tekstilni industriji, bili so lastniki tovarn ali vodstveni delavci, večina pa jih je pripadala srednjemu meščanskemu sloju.
V predvojnem Mariboru je živelo približno 100 Judov, ki naj ne bi bili povezani v skupnost in niso imeli sinagoge. Zaradi protijudovskih ukrepov Jugoslavije se je začelo izseljevanje Judov, tisti, ki pa so ostali, pa so bili nacistično pregnani aprila leta 1941.
Konec 15. stoletja je v Mariboru deloval eden najzanimivejših predstavnikov mariborskih Judov – rabin Isserlein Pethaja, čigar učenost in razgledanost sta bili poznani tudi preko meja. Njegova razmišljanja in odločitve pa v rabinskem pravu veljajo še danes. V njegovem času je mariborska sinagoga občasno služila kot sedež Vrhovega rabinata za Štajersko, Koroško in Krajnsko.
Tekst zbrala in uredila: Eva Mataln
Prevod: Maja Miklavc & Miha Odar
Fotografije: Igor Unuk
Viri:
Hostel Pekarna
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